The spreading factor, in this case, is the ratio of the total number of channels to the number of channels used for data hiding.
What is spreading factor in LoRa?
The spreading factor (SF) impacts the communication performance of LoRa, which uses an SF between 7 and 12. A larger SF increases the time on air, which increases energy consumption, reduces the data rate, and improves communication range.
How do you calculate spreading factor?
0:586:00LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial 15: Data Rate, Chip Rate, Symbol … — YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipHere's an example if the bandwidth is 125 kilohertz and the spreading factor is 7. Then the symbolMoreHere's an example if the bandwidth is 125 kilohertz and the spreading factor is 7. Then the symbol rate is 120 5,000 divided by ^ 7 equals 977 symbols per second this represents a single symbol.
What is cr in LoRa?
The Coding Rate (CR) value need to be adjusted according to conditions of the channel used for data transmission. If there are too many interference in the channel, then it's recommended to increase the value of CR. However, the rise in CR value will also increase the duration for the transmission.
What is the spreading factor of transmitted data in Wcdma?
WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the ratio of the chips (UMTS = 3.84Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS.
Can LoRa connect to Internet?
The LoRa sensors can transmit signals over distances from 1km — 10km. The LoRa sensors transmit data to the LoRa gateways. The LoRa gateways connect to the internet via the standard IP protocol and transmit the data received from the LoRa embedded sensors to the Internet i.e. a network, server or cloud.
What is Spread Spectrum?
Spread Spectrum refers to a system originally developed for military applications, to provide secure communications by spreading the signal over a large frequency band. Figure 1 represents a narrow band signal in the frequency domain. These narrowband signals are easily jammed by any other signal in the same band.
What are spreading codes?
A spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow ambiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is combined by bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) with the faster code.
How much data can LoRa transmit?
300 bps to 37.5 kbps LoRaWAN communication system. The data transfer rate varies from 300 bps to 37.5 kbps, depending on the spreading factor and the bandwidth of the communication channel. A LoRa Gateway has the ability to simultaneously receive and broadcast messages with different SF (spreading factors).
What is Chirp Spread Spectrum in LoRa?
LoRa is based on Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology, where chirps (also known as symbols) are the carrier of data. The spreading factor controls the chirp rate, and thus controls the speed of data transmission. Lower spreading factors mean faster chirps and therefore a higher data transmission rate.